Classification of Power System Buses

A bus in  a power system is defined as the vertical line at which the several components of the power system like generators, loads, ...

A bus in a power system is defined as the vertical line at which the several components of the power system like generators, loads, and feeders, etc., are connected. The buses in a power system are associated with four quantities. These quantities are the magnitude of the voltage, the phase angle of the voltage, active or true power and the reactive power.

In the load flow studies, two variable are known, and two are to be determined. Depends on the quantity to be specified the buses are classified into three categories generation bus, load bus and slack bus.

The table shown below shows the types of buses and the associated known and unknown value.

Generation Bus  or Voltage control bus

This bus is also called the P-V bus, and on this bus, the voltage magnitude corresponding to generate voltage and true or active power P corresponding to its rating are specified. Voltage magnitude is maintained constant at a specified value by injection of reactive power. The reactive power generation Q and phase angle δ of the voltage are to be computed.

Load Bus

This is also called the P-Q bus and at this bus, the active and reactive power is injected into the network. Magnitude and phase angle of the voltage are to be computed. Here the active power P and reactive power Q are specified, and the load bus voltage can be permitted within a tolerable value, i.e., 5 %. The phase angle of the voltage , i.e.δ is not very important for the load.Generally, in a PQ bus, the generated real and reactive power will be assumed to be zero. However, power will be flowing out, thus, the real power and reactive power will be both negative. The Load Bus will be used to find the bus voltage and angle.

Slack, Swing or Reference Bus

Slack bus in a power system absorb or emit the active or reactive power from the power system. The slack bus does not carry any load. At this bus, the magnitude and phase angle of the voltage are specified. The phase angle of the voltage is usually set equal to zero. The active and reactive power of this bus is usually determined through the solution of equations.

The slack bus is a fictional concept in load flow studies and arises because the I2R losses of the system are not known accurately in advance for the load flow calculation. Therefore, the total injected power cannot be specified at every bus. The phase angle of the voltage at the slack bus is usually taken as reference or zero. If a slack bus is not specified, then a generator bus with maximum real power |P| acts as the slack bus.